Electrical breakdown in rolling bearings

EDM spark erosion as a problem of electric drives

Umrichter-gesteuerte Motoren werden in zahlreichen technischen Bereichen eingesetzt. Das generierte elektrische Feld nimmt Einfluss auf die Lagerungen der Antriebswelle. Die Schmierstoffe der verwendeten Lager werden daher nicht nur mechanisch, sondern auch elektrisch belastet.

Inverter-controlled motors are used in numerous technical areas. The generated electric field influences the bearings of the drive shaft. The lubricants used in these bearings are therefore not only mechanically but also electrically stressed.

In order to select a suitable lubricant, knowledge of the electrical fluid properties is required. The dielectric strength is of great importance here. This parameter indicates the external voltage above which a current flow occurs in the medium. This current flow causes damage to the bearing raceways (see below) and also contaminates the lubricant. The electrical load on the lubricants thus leads to premature aging and increased maintenance requirements.

Figure: Signs of wear on the bearing – (1) fluting, (2) corrugation and pitting, (3) crater formation in fluted area

The bearing currents that occur can be categorized as capacitive reloading currents, discharging currents (so-called electrical discharge machining or EDM currents), rotor-ground currents and circular bearing currents, whereby it is known that only the last three bearing currents have a damaging effect on the bearing.

In the type of damage phenomenon that occurs, the interaction between the tribological system, defined by the lubrication/friction condition, and the resulting electrical behavior plays a crucial role.

The causal relationship between the lubrication condition present in the rolling bearing and the type of bearing currents that occur has already been investigated by MEGT scientists at the Technical University of Kaiserslautern [Maschinenelemente und Getriebetechnik Berichte Bd. 20/2016, ISBN 978-3-95974-029-6] and can be illustrated by the following figure:

Figure: Contact scenarios in a rolling bearing

This clearly shows the temperature dependence of the frequency of discharge currents (red) with otherwise constant mechanical boundary conditions.

An increase in temperature in the otherwise constant system is accompanied by a reduction in lubricant viscosity and thus a reduction in the lubrication gap height. As a result, the investigated rolling bearing changes from the full lubrication condition to the mixed friction condition, which is illustrated by the exemplary lubrication gap profile (blue).

In addition to the temperature and viscosity, the speed and the load are also relevant influencing variables for the breakdown frequency.